2019年江苏大学硕士研究生入学考试243英语(二外)考研大纲.doc
1全国硕士研究生入学统一考试自命题科目英语(二外) 考试大纲I 考查目标全国硕士研究生入学统一考试自命题科目英语(二外) 考试是为我校招收日语语言文学硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的考试科目。其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生是否具备攻读该专业所必须的第二外国语(英语)技能,是否具有入学后继续深入学习英语(二外)的语言基础。该考试是测量考生的英语综合应用能力,包括阅读理解、写作、翻译、词汇和句法运用能力。具体来说,要求考生:1、 应掌握一定量的英语词汇(参见全国大学英语四、六级考试大纲附录的分级词汇表) ;2、 掌握英语语法知识(非谓语动词、时态、语态等) ;3、 具有较强的阅读理解能力,能够读懂一般性题材的英语报刊文章和其他英语材料;能阅读题材较为熟悉的学术文章; 4、 具有一定的英译汉能力;5、 能用英语写 150-200 字左右的短文。II 考试形式和试卷结构一、试卷满分及考试时间试卷满分为 100 分,考试时间 180 分钟。二、答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。无听力试题,考试过程中不允许携带字典。三、试卷内容与题型结构1. Vocabulary 20 题,每题 1 分,共 20 分 2. Grammar 10 题,每题 1 分,共 10 分 3. Reading Comprehension 20 题,每题 2 分,共 40 分 4. Writing 1 题,共 15 分5. Translation 1 题,共 15 分III 考查内容1. 英语词汇知识2. 英语句法运用3. 英语阅读理解能力4. 英译汉翻译能力5. 英语写作能力6. 逻辑思考能力2English as a Second Foreign Language Examination for Graduate CandidatesPart I Vocabulary (20 points)Please choose the best answer for each sentence below.1. A word processor is much better than a typewriter in that it enables you to enter and _your text more easily.A. register B. edit C. propose D. discharge2. We dont know why so many people in that region like to wear dresses of such _colors.A. low B. humble C. mild D. dull3. The news has just _ that the president is going to visit China next month.A. come down B. come up C. come out D. come about4. The _ that exists among nations could certainly be lessened if misunderstanding and mistrust were removed.A. tension B. strain C. stress D. intensity5. The other day, Mum and I went to St. Jamess Hospital , and they did lots and lots of tests on me, most of them _ and frightening.A. cheerful B. horrible C. hostile D. friendly6. In the Mediterranean seaweed is so abundant and so easily harvested that it is never of great _.A. fare B. payment C. worth D. expense7. The writer was so _ in her work that she didnt notice him enter the room.A. absorbed B. abandoned C. focused D. centered8. Actually, information technology can _ the gap between the poor and the rich.A. link B. break C. ally D. bridge9. Some research workers completely _ all those facts as though they never existed.A. ignore B. leave C. refuse D. miss10. Computer power now allows automatic searches of fingerprint files to match a print at a crime _.A. stage B. scene C. location D. occasion11. The most basic reason why dialects should be preserved is that language helps to _ a culture.A. retain B. relate C. remark D. review12. Companies are struggling to find the right _between supply and demand, but it is no easy taskA. equation B. formula C. balance D. pattern13. Mass advertising helped to _ the emphasis from the production of goods to their consumption.A. vary B. shift C. lay D. moderate314. Because of his excellent administration, people lived in peace and _ and all previously neglected matters were taken care of.A. conviction B. contest C. consent D. content15. I know youve got a smooth tongue , so dont talk me _ buying it.A. away B. down C. out D. into16. Showing some sense of humor can be a (n) _ way to deal with some stressful situationA. effective B. efficient C. favorable D. favorite17. The situation described in the report _ terrible, but it may not happen.A. inclines B. maintains C. sounds D. remains18. The company is trying every means to _ the wholesale price of its products.A. pull down B. put down C. set down D. bring down19. The mayor _ the police officer a medal of honor for his heroic deed in rescuing the earthquake victimsA. rewarded B. awarded C. credited D. prized20. The native Canadians lived in _ with nature, for they respected nature as a provider of life.A. coordination B. acquaintance C. contact D. harmonyPart II Grammar (10 Points)Please read the following sentences and fill in the blanks with the correct word forms.21. There is little doubt that _ (attend) college has the potential of exposing young people to new ideas and relationships and helps promote their critical thinking skills.22. The US Department of Education estimates that only 62 percent of those enrolled in four-year institutions had _ (earn) a bachelors degree six years later.23. Do not be intimidated by people who think they are smarter than you, and dont back off when _ (face) competition; inner confidence is important.24. In order to persuade his daughter to put off the marriage, the father quoted statistics _ (show) mixed-face couples had higher divorce rates than same-race couples.25. The controversy in his article about womens role in modern society _ (be) that being a housewife is greatly inferior to every other occupation.26. When he _ (give) a talk, the topic is usually specified in advance, so you are able to expect what to follow without any difficulties.27. When the police caught up with him, Mr. Foster had to confess that he _ (break) the speed limit.28. When she heard of her failure in the experiment, her eyes were filled with tears; whether it was of shame, frustration, or grief was difficult _ (tell).29. Rose knows that continuous letters from John, together with countless roses, are _ (aim) at making her fall in love with him. 30. Having been expelled from public school for drinking and smoking and then _ (fail) in show business as a singer, she joined her fathers bushiness 10 years ago.4Part III Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice.Passage OneQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.The Paris climate agreement finalised in December last year heralded a new era for climate action. For the first time, the worlds nations agreed to keep global warming well below 2.This is vital for climate-vulnerable nations. Fewer than 4% of countries are responsible for more than half of the worlds greenhouse gas emissions. In a study published in Nature Scientific Reports, we reveal just how deep this injustice runs.Developed nations such as Australia, the United States, Canada, and European countries are essentially climate “free-riders”: causing the majority of the problems through high greenhouse gas emissions, while incurring few of the costs such as climate changes impact on food and water. In other words, a few countries are benefiting enormously from the consumption of fossil fuels, while at the same time contributing disproportionately to the global burden of climate change.On the flip side, there are many “forced riders”, who are suffering from the climate change impacts despite having scarcely contributed to the problem. Many of the worlds most climate-vulnerable countries, the majority of which are African of small island states, produce a very small quantity of emissions. This is much like a non-smoker getting cancer from second-hand smoke, while the heavy smoker is fortunate enough to smoke in good health.The Pairs agreement has been widely hailed as a positive step forward in addressing climate change for all, although the details on addressing “climate justice” can be best described as sketchy.The goal of keeping global temperature rise “well below” 2 is commendable but the emissions-reduction pledges submitted by countries leading up to the Pairs talks are very unlikely to deliver on this.More than $100 billion in funding has been put on the table for supporting developing nations to reduce emissions. However, the agreement specifies that there is no formal distinction between developed and developing nations in their responsibility to cut emissions, effectively ignoring historical emissions. There is also very little detail on who will provide the funds or, importantly, who is responsible for their provision. Securing these funds, and establishing who is responsible for raising them will also be vital for the future of climate-vulnerable countries.The most climate-vulnerable countries in the world have contributed very little to creating the global disease from which they now suffer the most. There must urgently be a meaningful mobilisation of the polices outlined in the agreement if we are to achieve national emission reductions while helping the most vulnerable countries adapt to climate change.And it is clearly up to the current generation of leaders from high-emitting nations to decide whether they want to be remembered as climate change tyrants or pioneers.531. The author is critical of the Paris climate agreement because_.A) it is unfair to those climate-vulnerable nationsB) it aims to keep temperature rise below 2 onlyC) it is beneficial to only fewer than 4% of countriesD) it burdens developed countries with the sole responsibility32. Why does the author call some developed countries climate “free-riders”?A) They neednt worry about the food and water they consume.B) They are better able to cope with the global climate change.C) They hardly pay anything for the problems they have caused.D) They are free from the greenhouse effects affecting “forced riders”.33. Why does the author compare the “forced riders” to second-hand smokers?A) They have little responsibility for public health problems.B) They are vulnerable to unhealthy environmental conditions.C) They have to bear consequences they are not responsible for.D) They are unaware of the potential risks they are confronting.34. What does the author say about the $100 billion funding?A) It will motivate all nations to reduce carbon emissions.B) There is no final agreement on where it will come from.C) There is no clarification of how the money will be spent.D) It will effectively reduce greenhouse emissions worldwide.35. What urgent action must be taken to realize the Paris climate agreement?A) Encouraging high-emitting nations to take the initiative.B) Calling on all the nations concerned to make joint efforts.C) Pushing the current world leaders to come to a consensus.D) Putting in effect the policies in the agreement at once.Passage TwoQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Open data sharers are still in the minority in many fields. Although many researchers broadly agree that public access to raw data would accelerate science, most are reluctant to post the results of their own labors online.Some communities have agreed to share onlinegeneticists, for example, post DNA sequences at the GenBank repository (库) , and astronomers are accustomed to accessing images of galaxies and stars from, say, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a telescope that has observed some 500 million objectsbut these remain the exception, not the rule. Historically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons: it is a lot of work; until recently, good databases did not exist; grant funders were not pushing for sharing; it has been difficult to agree on standards for formatting data; and there is no agreed way to assign credit for data.But the barriers are disappearing, in part because journals and funding agencies worldwide are encouraging scientists to make their data public. Last year, the Royal Society in London said 6in its report that scientists need to “shift away from a research culture where data is viewed as a private preserve”. Funding agencies note that data paid for with public money should be public information, and the scientific community is recognizing that data can now be shared digitally in ways that were not possible before. To match the growing demand, services are springing up to make it easier to publish research products online and enable other researchers to discover and cite them.Although calls to share data often concentrate on the moral advantages of sharing, the practice is not purely altruistic (利他的). Researchers who share get plenty of personal benefits, including more connections with colleagues, improved visibility and increased citations. The most successful sharersthose whose data are downloaded and cited the most often-get noticed, and their work gets used. For example, one of the most popular data sets on multidisciplinary repository Dryad is about wood density around the world; it has been downloaded 5,700 times. Co-author Amy Zanne thinks that users probably range from climate-change researchers wanting to estimate how much carbon is stored in biomass, to foresters looking for information on different grades of timber. “Id much prefer to have my data used by the maximum number of people to ask their own questions,” she says. “Its important to allow readers and reviewers to see exactly how you arrive at your results. Publishing data and code allows your science to be reproducible.”Even people whose data are less popular can benefit. By making the effort to organize and label files so others can understand them, scientists become more organized and better disciplined themselves, thus avoiding confusion later on.36. What do many researchers generally accept?A) It is imperative to protect scientists patents.B) Repositories are essential to scientific research.C) Open data sharing is most important to medical science.D) Open data sharing is conducive to scientific advancement.37. What is the attitude of most researchers towards making their own data public?A) Opposed.B) Ambiguous.C) Liberal.D) Neutral.38. According to the passage, what might hinder open data sharing?A) The fear of massive copying.B) The lack of a research culture.C) The belief that research data is private intellectual property.D) The concern that certain agencies may make a profit out of it.39. What helps lift some of the barriers to open data sharing?A) The ever-growing demand for big data.B) The advancement of digital technology.C) The changing attitude of journals and funders.D) The trend of social and economic development.740. Dryad serves as an example to show how open data sharing _.A) is becoming increasingly popularB) benefits sharers and users alikeC) makes researchers successfulD) saves both money and laborPassage ThreeQuestions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage.In the past, falling oil prices have given a boost to the world economy, but recent forecasts for global growth have been toned down even as oil prices sink lower and lower. Does that mean the link between lower oil prices and growth has weakened?Some experts say there are still good reasons to believe cheap oil should heat up the world economy. Consumers have more money in their pockets when theyre paying less at the pump. They spend that money off other things, which stimulates the economy.The biggest gains go to countries that import most of their oil like China, Japan and India. But doesnt the extra money in the pockets of those countries consumers mean an equal loss in oil-producing countries, cancelling out the gains? Not necessarily, say economic researcher Sara Johnson. “Many oil producer